In a basketball game, there are only two people that matters the most, these are center and point guard, others are very important too, but without this two the game can never be stable, this is only if your team are playing zone.
Point Guard
Guards are the most important players in a basketball team, they are sometimes called "the game planner" or "Top, a.k.a 1" with a skillful guard, you are bound to win a match, they have the ability to view each player and the capability of the player at that moment.
point guard are sometime the shortest people in the team, this is because of their quickness and ability to break defense, it primary position on the court is the middle top of offensive.
center
These people are also called "The big man" without this men, i think there will be lots of alley-oops, they are the biggest in terms of size, their task is to avoid the opponent to get the ball into the hole.
In the case of offense, they create chance(space) for their team mates to get to the basket easily, by screening, box-out e.t.c.
Small Forward
For those of us that are familiar with football(soccer), we sometimes here people say "supporting striker" it is somehow the same as small forward, they assist the power forward who drives in for the basket, they plays a vital role in a team they are quiet big too, don't let the word small deceive you.
shooting Guard
As the name implies "Shooting Guard" they are usually good in making jump shot in every angle and three point shot, because they are also guards, they are fast thinkers in a game and with the both guards idea, there should be a very strong game plan, in NBA most MVP's are shooting guard this is because of their strong contribution in a game "shots".
Power Forward
The power forward has a great contribution in the game, in fact, point guard depend on the power forwards to make the finishing, this is because of their abilities to drive right to the basket with ease.